Gyroscopic compass.



E. A. SPERRY.

GYROSCOPIC C0 ILED 1U MPASS.

' Patented Sept. 17,1918.

l 3 SHEETS SHEET 2.

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E.y A. SPERHY. GYROSCOPIC COMPASS, APPLICATION F1150 JUNE 2-1. 1911.

Patented sept. 17, 1918.`

`a SHEETS-SHEET a;

all may-concern.'

-moyements Enma a ernaar, ornnooxtnr, m Yoan, aesmuon 'ro citizen; of the United States, residl at 1 `Brooklyn in the countyof Kings and tate o of New ork, have invented' new and useful Im novements in Gyroscopic Compasseajof wi'llilh the following is a' specification.

the present 4invention embodies a number of 10A features including .masterz and may also include repeater, azimuth Indicators, one or lI'I of which may be power driven; the em loyment of an' entirely new rinciple consisting in utilizing a rotating `w Veel and as attached parts, as, itsqournal frame or wheel casing, and s gpltaneously controllingl movements' in @plurality of planes,

being so eectedj as to produce -on the one handa practical compass and on it* the {odgehandtoaccomplish a number o Othefuctiohs essential to thef'proper opera-,f

tion-oi -the gyroscopid compass, upon Vmovvehicles: To this end Iha'veintroduced fa' 'new or 'anization known as; an azimuth moving 'unit organized-tn 'at oncerdevelop the -requi d1recti v e"power from the rotation of. the earth Vby a new `process which I denominate itive orienta.

'tion which etl'ects'a quickse tling'ofthe in. I0 strument upon the meridianandgwhich also operates by 'a new 4method to extinguish esoillaton 1n azimuth by u .partial suppression of h'eedom of thyro wheel about the vertical aidathus co ming inthe present Il invention means for-"introducing stresses orV movements" in b'oth elevation and azimuth andmeans for quickl' true-meridiODllfposition, subst ting '.mechamcal sueon for 1iquid or'lnereury floats and afo'- '-mi'rked '1n a n i-"of structural au' operatingdetails eonn'ected withthe various featuresjgolng .t0 makeup a Qne eli!- bodment of my inventiggby j pleywill now-'be speci .and and `the novel features pointed'out in the c1a1mll.

gave lname the of the u t varied-4 Bpeetlnatton of Letten'latent. agpumonnedxue s1,1ei1.1 eem1 n.

gym-navigation equipment forming `leet a suitable staryor-,if Iwe omrm, or naooxmm, lm w roux, a oonrona'rron ormzw i L ments; upon carefulscrutinyQ-and-eome far reachingdeductions.;

' The work of this savant on 'thependulous ro with twol d of Vfreedom ia f own and has been. followed by man andwhlle a coin use on- 'this rinciple is' ound to work on and, 'when' enamoving bod it is found tores'pondas any pendulum `wil toV acceleration and' deceleration' s'ures and to other numerusjdisturbancee. This' latterdiiclty and the which it sets up are very serousdraw-baeks toitsuseatsea. A very significant statement and .one which seems to have been Vwholly overlooked 1 0.,

` in its o the subiectofgymecopic compasses was communieatedby Foucault with n; his appertushayiaggdef, 1-

greesfo-freedom V This is contained in a docmnent pte and by himin- O otob'er,4 1852, and, follows: I g L Que-should understand,`from .the l ge that we have said 'of-the construction of the apparatus', :that this toreris suppollvdpbye two concentric circles,.instead 4o in the same plane, are normall or in 'er Biaver'ag'e-position, di one tothe other. 4Oneof them p a 1.round 'a horizontal axis 're e- [enligne4 une,

theiwiiltofthehwwrhieh grant movmg'mngt rotation be-'fontenay movement, the "instrument would act smilarl alfdnot indicate the earths motion.

The question was long ago*v asked b'y me what better compass'could one wish than that sug ested by the last sentence; it orients nperfectly and by adopting this form of suspension, with three degrees of freedom it is`- found possible at the same time to do away vwith the evils and errors intro* duced by ballistics and to neutralizeV the lacceleration pressures and also oscillation with one and the same additional device.-

Theoretically, as Foucault pointed out, a spinning gyro mounted for three degrees of freedom maintains constant the direction of Aits axis in space; and therefore if the gyro thus mounted; or even when mounted so that its` movement about la horizontal axis at an angle'to its spinning axis is partially sup pressed, be placed With its axis polntlng north' and south or inA the plane of the lne-4 ridian, it should' remainin this position so long as the gyro Wheel continues to spm, no

matter whether the gyro and its mounting,

considered 'as' a whole, be stationary relative to the earth, 0r in motion.4 When the gyro apparatus is stationary relative to the earth, the gyro axis does remain fixed in space; but when the gyro apparatus mounted'in eitherof the ways just described is in relative motion, as for example when mounted on a moving vehicle such as Aa ship, Vmovements of the vehicle acting'directly and also acceleration and deceleration-pressures caused'by 'the various movements 'of the vehicle are communicated, by-reason of the i friction necessarilyexisting to some extent :l ate the oscillations which are'found in pracbetween :the 'parts` of the'gyros mounting, to the gyro Wheel itself, upon which the said pressures are thus indirectly impressed 'in theA form'of 'disturbing torques of varying magnitude. These torques tilt'the ro axis and cause precession of the -gyro into new positions where,' in ,'e'ach' instance, the axis assumes andd tends to? maintain a new direction in space. As a-l consequence, the gyrscopeeither having l'three degrees of freedom, or vv/.ith':'`o1'1e ldegree partlyjsuppressed asl'describe'd,will, if left to itself on a vehicle' having variable speed, ultimately eea-'septoindicate the meridian or any other chosen direction in,='which its axis .'Was

originally set, `and will beerraticand untrustwrthyl Moreover, 'such'4 accelera-tion and deceleration pressures serve to exaggertice t' characterize a freely suspended -gyro under all conditions; 'and'the periods of these' oscillationsareso excessively great thatfapparatu's subject to-them is almost uselessfor44 the purpose of a izompass,h 'However,' hen a g'fyfroscope'mounted` for three degrees offeedom iscom'bined, asin the present invention,4 with means vfor acl cdmplishing' "positive orientation' "Sandi for minimizing oscillations, a practical' compass apparatus results which is accurate and dependable under all conditionsof service.

In describing the -gyro of the present invention as having three degrees of freedom I do not-mean to imply that 'such freedom is absolute,vbut rather that the gyro may be non-pendulous. As a matter of fact, as will more fully hereinafter appear, freedom of motion about one or more axes is restrained or suppressed to a certain extent for the purpose of`developing av lpositive orienting force. Considered by itself, the gyro of the lpresent invention, in its most advantageous embodiment, may be in indifferent equilib rium; that is, thethree axes about which it can move may .intersect substantially at its center of ravit According to the present invent1on t e disadvantages inherent in the" ordinary pendulous gyro, due

largely to its beingA directly affected by acceleration pressures, are avoided; and by l 'providing what may be termed latent restraining` means for developing a positive orienting forceth e erratic performance of the'ordinary vgyro having threeI or evenonly two-uncontrolled degrees of freedom is transformed into perfectly dependable'indicating action. "At the same time all the important advantages Aof the peridulous gy'ro havingy but two degrees of freedom are retained in the present apparatus, and .no-p -tably the tendenc o f the gyro always to seek' the north. lhis -is 4brought about by employingmeans, herein shown-as structurally separate from or external to the gyro` and its universal-movement support but operatively connected thereto, for partially limiting and constraining the gyro axis -to movelments largely/iii oneplane' which, in practiceA is a horizontal plane. The restraining means, in its most advantageous form, should be normally without'efect on the freedom of 1the gyro, coming` -into play onlyv when the gyro tends toIWander fromits properiposition. As a matter of fact a gyro'scope ona moving` vehicle such as'a ship does not, in general, point 'exactly-'north, 'thel error being variable' and ldeperf'iding as I have discovered, upon. the speed, course Iand"'latitude' of the ship. l devicefor correcting the apparent readings off "gyroscopic" vcompasses lsdewith: l l The instrument ofthe pre'Se, comprises meansvfor develo' ing 'a positive force vte'ndin i f'gthe gyrp-wle'el Oneway moment the meridional' pos 'from in fhes1.ighss; degr' *how tojutiliiie this lfneau'is'tV tive stressj l which' I is, ta. plie Lwhl' 01'.' it, 4 ,-J'sfurilal cati'on'iSeria'l 634,595 lc'ifjeveri herescribed and claimed in my'icop'endingappli.-

ameorica'sing; not 13 1 0y one or two methods,A 'those of neutral j nl in b1 ouca y puts'it-lcan wfiwipf ment. "avoiding mercury floats In toforebeenthe' universal practice inattempts to solverv this horizontal but simultaneously about two equivalent axes lying normal to each other, the second being orientation. There are, methods of i double function into 'e most 'Lotus now sup y easily understood ded - near the Vsuitably "Y, B91 C38? i we provide a suitable V'rigid parate from' .the

if atliand 'butstructurallyse s'elf-'centeringfor made, 'and'seoo'nd, a simple a retractilespringor pair'of p devicegisucli-Ias c: v 'w land frameitotheir by A `move;:aiidwfiiii't 'v l"bably t y tand onewhi isto thefamountecntrio tothe a positive and automatic orientation may introduced''wl'iel'ebyfV thewheel is lve quickl returned in azimuth to the meridialii as as the tends .to tilt; brought. about 'by the proper relationo some 5 forcesm conjunction; Thus, an entirely new element 'trodueed intggro thatI of fo positive orientation brought aboutbyano mec of a predetermined activity and` moment the directivefactor ofthec'ompass' with; a relatively immovable or'stationvary 'such as an anch or a utinent for developing force reactions. A

Iiiieivim b9 1 gyn sec a sim e first time in e compass and for lthe of the art, ar forced and greatlyaccelera 'orientation coupled with' freedom from .numerous dis# l `turbunceii and errors abovepointed. out forV rt'forinstance in Vamstate it is clear that a-. i rium or indierent equinottothe ces ow- 'in'xti'the'fact `thatitis not; o

l ba 'c p rties whchisthe sourceofthe th detail remains to be addedv t0 make e a sartus anchor s hop 'with the gyro' complete, that restraining ele- 4 em- Egoyinglfoucaults filament it is 'that n o torsion should'accu. -mul'ate astlieship turna. To provide. Il this asensitive follow-J 1mg problem, namely the the of of different I my dei j scription to the preferred embodiment of that gyro to which af constantly e Itis found'that the -spring's'or their j' alent 'coi'istalitly "restox'ethe itsown; motion or tendency toiA `has compass operation, -viz seen I have-thusx d' turnaround in almutlrV wheelso as' to be 'alwaysonf handv to operate, asla the positive up device been which; instantly responds to the` movement of thewlieel and-therefore never'permaneatly changes its w1 thusaccomp itialV ctionaamong which'are as'the anchor for thel positivoor'ientatili rection element-andatthesame-timeas a support for the torsion "onwliereby fthe" two. ends of thetorsion prac-` tically alwaysv move.

tliemimil fore the P5 Amimmllg for aninstant wayaheld 'in condition of s'rineither or backward; second, L'con "Pressur' thecompass center of auchjoiiizillatioiii'v ci For purposes ofillustiationof one method Of. outmj inventom'l haves'electiedhicllil detailed the panying w are.A in accom drawings, inwhichi`- the master instrument with some moved?. l .llshowsin thew 'eel'and the element.

Fig. 1. is a fragmentary shownin 1;

showt l and der hdwyfomiie swpp' tri foroesin 't` while moving' in either direction; from oscillationrwheroislocatedatadiatancefromthe' "pim i view is .i'ethod of supporting-M -psndnlumy fie-ami o nfpliruf ine' ' tsl of the various iol eel ne' f Y or bearings, 4, is shown centrally located along the line of the shaft, 4, and surround- 5", against which anti-friction rollers or balls Figs. 6 and'7, are respectively an edge elevation, partly in section, and a plan view of a construction alternative to that shown plan view of the structure of Figa. j

Fig.` l9 shows azimuth motorjand gearing for driving the element.

Fig. 10- shows a wiring diagram for azimuth motors and contacts. ,Figs-,12 and 13 are 'alternative form of moving contacts wherein one may be power driven. f

. Fig. 14 showsy section of fraction of bottom of journalframe of the structure shown yin Fig.

y Fig.v lyshows the detail of one form of, ball .bearing for the gyro wheel. vFig. 16 shows the negative pressre'tank for exhaustingthe gyro wheel casing.'

upon asuitablewjournal frame. or casing, 2,

slender and easily deflected shaft, 4, so as to 'permitthe-mass to revolve about its lown center Aof gravity. An anti-"ffriction bear-ing ing the hub of the wheel, 1. This bearing receives lthe pressurel when the vdeflection of shaft, 4, is excessive. @wing to these deflections,` the shaft isprovided at its ends with al special form yofbearing, l5, permitting of free universal motionto accommodate such .practical manner by the spherical surfaces '5a directly operate. The balls may be held bya retainer 5b (see, Fig. 15).. 5 shows a dischargeduct for preventing the accumula-v tion of foreign/ material in the bearing. `xThese"journals are lubricated from an' oil reservoir, 6, located near each journal, the

reservoirs being equalized through a pipe I or duct 7, which passes out around the wheel.

within the casing are brought, into intimate ing or projection orY part thereof. This is accomplished, for example, by means. ofthe between the stator coils 3. An exhausting f npzz1eor nozzles, I8, lead to theinterior of ,for .evacuating the same for the `purpose of greatly` reducing the power rein spinning the wheel.` "The prefioirfors'ucha'nzzle is nearthe 'axisy -lof support, 21', so 'that' ,littledi'sturb- 5 ance to the equilibrium of the parts "occurs and also, within -the tank.

f The directive factor of 'my gyro-navi-i .gation system. consists "essentially of a` spinning massor wheel, 1, which is' supported `and which acting in conjunction 4.with a stator, 13, constitutes an induction, motor. This wheelis preferably mounted upon a deflections. This is accomplished in a very vAbsorbent wicks f5 are used to carry the oil. from'the reservoirs .up tothe bearings 4. The

windir'igs` or 'electric coils, 3, of the motor-v contact with the interior surface ofthe caslfteeth,j3 which'extend from ,the ,casingA 2 during exhaustion. A vacuum gage is shown` at 8 as a means of greatlyreducing the time of any such disturbance. I prefer to use the exhaust tank, 73, (Fig. 16) either with or without the vacuum pump 73', the flexible hose of which need be only attached to nozzle 8, `for aninstant during` exhaustion While thetank and casing establish an equilibrium of their negative pressures within the casing Itis on account of this evacuation that Vcertain difiiculties are encountered; it becomes necessary to provide special means for drawing of the heat -inevitably developed `in the motor, and

especially, its coils, 3. Effective means have thus been found by utilizing conduction, Vfor this purpose drawing heat -from the coils to the .case and dissipating it by employing exi te-rior ribs 2 where necessary. This is 'especially importantes there is no opportunity for convection or air wash interior to the evacuated case, nor is radiation effective owing to the low temperatures present.

The ordinary Cardan ring, 10, is suitably supported by standards, 11-11, holding electrical terminal blocks, v12, for conductor cables, 13 and 1-3, Fig. 1 Interior to the ring, 10, is therelatively stationary part or spider, 14, consisting of ring 14, and arms l supportinga tubular hub,.l5, containing the ball journals,'16-I16, for guiding the central hollow stem, 16 of the guiding and supporting element or phantom 17. Surmounting the hub, 15 isa cap 1-5l within `which is the `support for the torsion suspension, 18. This support rests upon vthe top of the stem,.16, the upper part, 17 being ad- .justable about afvertical axisas by` screws,

17 located in projections from the lower part 17 The suspension, 18 is alsoadjustable vertically as by the nuts, 18. The

,lowerend of. suspension, 18, supports rthe giinbal ring, 19, which is pivoted above and below to Athe `guiding element, l17, by the antifriction rollerbearings 20-20. ,Torsion suspension 18 not only serves to lsupport ele` ment 19 with the gyi'o Wheel, but operates as a resilient centralizing means between the phantom 17 and the yro. That is the twist of the wire is so adjusted that element 19 and phantom. ring`17 come to rest inthe same plane under the iniuence ofwire orv tosuppo`rt {the journal -frame or casing, 2,

rrfor the gyro Wheel,.`1, by horizontal pivots,

2 l21,.preferably in an approximately horizontal line including vor very near vthe center. 'of gravityof the mass. The casing or' frame ,of the. yrowheel is thus mounted for movewires 1.8. The gimbal ring and the guiding element are thus capable 'of coaxial,

.movements in azimuth, The ring, 19, serves menta ont a normally horizontal axis which .is `-disposed at `a substantial angle, inY this instance'at right angles,to the spinningaxis f the gy'ro wheel; and this angular'relation tion from the fields 35 and 3,3 is led to thc cylindrical faces 41 and 41". A coperating contact, i3 (see Fig. 12) is mounted upon the gin'1bal,'19, as at stem, 19 for movement relative .tov the contact, 40 this `springpressed contact 4.3 lmay move from the insulation 41, n to either pole, 41 or 41 of i the contact, 40, thus establishing eli-cuit relations for performing any ot' the necessary functions in or about the apparatus as the energization of the motor, 30. These contacts are preferably operated in duplicate.. I t will be seen that the general operation of this contact is the same as that of the main form 31,32, the brush 43 taking the )lace of trolley 31 and drum 40 the place o contact strips 32. By constantly rotating therdrum, the

initial friction in starting the brush 43 to` move axially across the drum is reduced, by the simple expedient of never permittlng the two parts to attain'a relative position of rest. I

Driven by some portion of the' follow-up system is a transmitter 36 adapted to transmit the readings of the mast-er compass to one or more repeater Compasses after the manner described in detail in said Copcnding application. The transmitter is shown as a commutator 39 which is normally held stationary through gear 39 and gear sector 38onbrackets 38. The brushes 37 adapted to contact with said commutator are sup' portedon arms 36 which are secured either directly or indirectly to shaft 28", which it will be remembered is rotated by the azimuth motor 30. By this means, itv Will be seen, I throw the work of driving the transmitter on the azimuth motor and thus relieve t0 its center of as did Foucaults gyro Yand therefore show the rotation of the earth as his did. To this' end the Wheel, 1, axle, 42,-' journal` frame 2, and connected parts should not bependulous, that is, when the wheel is not spinning, it

should not vibrate or oscillate, b ut prefer;y

ably remain at rest in any position in which it is placed about its horizontal axes of support, indicated by .pivots 21. 21. To fulfil the function of a compass for vehicles it is essential that the Wheel frame,`2, shall be controlled or restricted, not alone in one plane or with respect to one of its three degrecs of freedom as has been wrongly heretodevices. Moreover if the restraining pow- `amount of research and experiment I have power driven and moves with the frame Vrestrain the Wheel casing and should also fore stated in this art, but also that it be controlled or restrained in a plurality of planes or with respect to at least two ofthe said degrees of freedom including especially positive controlabout its Avertical axis. It is clear that this restraint, especially in two planes, cannot be imposed by simply imparting ballistic properties, or the properties of a more orless sensitive. balance, to the Wheel andframe without a peculiar mounting independent of the ordinary three degrees of freedom as has also heretofore `been supposed, but when operating under these conditions another independent and relatively stationary and more or less rigid part should be positioned near at hand to be laid hold upon by suitable and preferably yielding connecting ers or operating moments of these devices are properly proportioned not only to the masses but to the gyroscopic moment of the rotating wheel, then practically all. instead of a part only, of the functions will be fulfilled and the component factors will be properly and operatively introduced so that a very important and entirely novel function is secured, viz: positive orientation of the gyro wheel which will operate with full effect to neutralize oscillation and cause'the compass to settle quickly upon the meridian and hold this position notwithstanding the disturbing factors due to its use upon moving vehicles.

rMoreover, so long as the suppression of freedom about two of the three axes of oscillation of the gyro is in proper proportion to the gyro moment, as stated, the gyro casing itself, or its directly connected parts,` may be to any known extent pendulous so long as the desired values of suppression are not eX- ceeded about either of the axes representing two of the said three degrees of freedom. F oucaults gyro, supported with three degrees 'of freedom, was pendulous to various degrees by suitably adjusting cer-k tain` Weights attached for the purpose to his apparatus. Whatever plan is pursued it is of course essential that all these functions be performed by mechanism not too complex in structure. As a result of a very large at last found means of great simplicity considering the positive orientation and all the other functions it is called upon to performsimple because it consists of a single part or'element, as for instance the centralizing torsion, 18, and springs, 46, or theirfequivalent extending between frame 2 and any'independent and comparatively rigid. part, as part, 17, which it Will be remembered is about a concentric vertical axis. The method employed to perform these functions should constantly tend to return thevsame 'to its central or some predetermined position in 50 lem with reference'to the4 application of the horizontal gimbal axis.'Y ysprin "1 115 60 .speed or "projection-tbrough'space as such', restralnedand r value uponsthe wheel motions central rai-,heurte both planesasdesci'ibed. VItis found .mustalwa'ys be reducedlto virtual earths restraint can at the sanne time operate to 4rotation,peripheralprojection, o r to an holdjthe wheel central in the vertical-plane' lar velocity about 'a remote axis, viz: ata

upon itsvertical `20 and 20, tance of the earthsradius.

. 5 'and torsion :Il: :u on 18, and furthermore, The definition ofl thefeective moments 70 when-the .5.1" .i or centralizingmoment, aboutthe vertical axis dueto the of m a certain'.predetelffv herein described orili fact to any ref relationto the ggoscopic moment of straining means Awhich I may employ, is

f'thewheel, thentherc'is veloped'a very usemuch more involved bixt. may! be statedwith lonful function which has a two or three-fold suicient accuracyl for the present purposes "l5 object purpeas described, namel 1n as follows: In one m constructed addition to the above to dampen' outan exa in accordance with this invention and which practically fall of the tendency to yields excellentresultstthiseiective moment i ose te in 'azimuth on a part o f the umt as A about the verticalaxis 1s on the order oft/35 1li a whole, omthe part bearing 'the scale 0 1' of the magnitudes of thatapplisdabout the s0 l ponter.- y horizontal axis which has just de- The o ting moment `of the restralmng4 scribed. As stated, the moments aboutthe means ut the equivalentvhorizontal axis, vertical and horizontal axes are simultaneaA normaler atatial angletothe ousl app1ied. l A .t f 2n ning defined eis-bearing a ehat hasbee'nstated above withr'eference 85 nitefrelatxon'to the normal vpic moto the importanceof serves4 y, `ment of the wheel' as herein fore stated. to still further emphasize theimportance off In this'connectuit shouldbe borne in mind the dual, ,double or simultaneous use' of m -f thatthe wheel itself isalways capableA of :restraining-factor which solves' anadditiona '2li'` developing acertain-Froscoplig couplefroni, problem in the application ofthe s0 4the imp forces erived m'the earths .gyroscopic com tonavigation'alpu i l rotatienat any given latitude. nam'ol `that o damping out7-or, w at is" y The acceleration pressure in A'thenorthmore'important, sup resslngat inception all soutlidirectiombr direction having a northoscillations which ot would up '$30 southcomponeiitde'veloped by the'restrainby any one of the yvaous'motions of lthe-,ini j lmeans (which for thepurposes inlnmd vehicle or ship carryingthecompasspwhen it may, `be considered pendulous) should intro-v is stated that" these osclllations are of a wide duce such a' 'tilting action upon the gyro 'andrregular am litude and .that their pewheel canse-it to to-'approxiriodiswexceeding long, in.fact more than "Bit mately the same offmeri ionalorjnew posian hour,"'the utter y usele nature of 'a com y14H11 y tion in "azimnth as the wheel itself willyl pass obsessed.by such'motions andfoscillaf' -naturally reach by the-japplication'thereto tions willst once be' seen and1 it has been of the terminal speed attained during such-` found in service-that such n compassis enacceleration'.A It is found that',to. accom lish 'tirely'usele i 1 j j 40" this result, the torque exertedabout the ori- Various methods, for carrying thiS."into` 105 *ufiztl V.f1-xls0f"tlm-85'10"P011 Said Qro-bef e'ect maybe to, for such inclined spro vrtionedso tat' the as jis shown in Figs. j1,4,. 6,"7, 8 and`14. `p 'erio4 of oscillation a out the meridian" in' Thus Figs. 4 and 8 showthe centralizing n azimuth `isapproximately thev same as the' sl rings, 46"-46,with their outer ends an- 45 period; ofa simxlle pendulum whose' length is. c ored in projections 17 from the element '11,0 equal to the ra us of the earth. 17, and attached to thefra'me 2, at int 462 The discovery ofthis relation introduces` .which will beissen from Fig. 8, to scesaa new and valuable :feature inthe gyrosco'pic" tric toot-outside of the vertical gimba-lfaxis compass art-and solyes 'unimportant pr'obt 20-26 and from Fig.i4 also eceentric'to the gyroscopie compliesto `navi ation, or to Vrendered a j table as by screws,r46

" moving generally, an furthermore'l-f An alternative-construction is shown in` serves,` to 'emphasize the importance of the Figs."6' and 7'whe1`1`}}tw; dulums', 47 andVA 'horizontal pivots described, or,I in fact, any 4 7 are shown'as support fromthe element, -r j? 55" uivalen't ofobtaiing this-degreel 17, and rovided with :inclined bearing'qfacesT- li o lfreedom t which it `imparts new impor `47, eac cooperating with the" rollers 4:8,` tance. 3

, A supported by the journalframe, as by -f The oi-meridional'or new position-.mem arms 48"secure d thereto. It will readily beff tioned is lnot due to .tl 1e applicationl of= the seen that.v thewli'eelin'tls case isnotvonly ect-to its cimtrnli' 1- 12a because do' not respond t uni tion'vertically,=bn also'restrained f ut linear motion but to the fact .that this'moI its 'Ylt l lorjonrnals, 20ands' n4' :tion-is in reality -angular motion about; the 1 sion 18,as'is thecasewhem springsf u are the" earths and toobtainfitsreactienal employed.` Thefattachment, however, to

faces 47.

Another form of yielding means for limiting motion between the element or phantom 17 andv the wheel frame or casing, 1s shown in Figs. 1 and 14. This general form-'of connection is found in actual practice to have special advantages. `The practical effect` produced by this 1 arrangement' is 'broadly similar to that attained with'the other constructions` above" described; vbut pl and, in some respects, more satisfactory Y than the others.

Vthe arrangement of Figs. 1 and 14 is sim-k In this embodiment, the

'Y springs 46 arefreplaced by gravitational means comprising a single pendulum 49,

which is in the form of a bail hung at its opposite ends from the element 17 by knife edge suspensions 49. Normally, these suspenslons are best substantially 1n allnement `with the horizontalaxis of tilt, 21-21, of

the journal frame or casing 2; or, more strictly speaking, they lie in substantially the samehorizontal plane as the axis 21-2 1, inasmuch `as it is essential to the proper' functioning of the device that there be relative motion in this plane between the wheel and element 17. The pendulous bail 49 Vis arranged to engage the wheel frame or casing, or a suitable eX'tension thereof, at one side of its 'vertical axis through the agency of some form of loose or yielding connection permitting a certain amount of relative i' vmovement between the casing and bail.

One embodiment of such means comprises a member 49", one end of which is attached to' the wheel casing 2, while the otherV projects into a slot 49 in the bail 49. The amount of play permitted by this slot, and consequently' the activity of the connecting mechanism, is regulable as by adjusting stops 49. Adjust# ment may also be secured by the use of adjustable Weights 49a yattached to'bail 49 by being threaded on a. downward extension 490. By varying the osition or mass of the nuts, the yballistic e ect of the bail may be adjusted at will. Similarly, adjustment of the spring connection shown in Fig. -8 may be secured by .manipulation of thumbscrews 46 'Rising from the gimbal or attached to the pin, 19, thereof shown oni the right in Fig. 1, is a pointer 27 (Fig. 1^) ,for indicatingthe relative movement in azimuth between the Wheel and the element, as Vfor instance, by coperatin with the inner margin or portion of the sca e '27. This indication" is helpful as a check on operation and in making (the azimuth adjustment-of' the torsion suspension.

The part 27" for indicating. the relative 'movement serves to aid inkeeping the wheel The Cardan mounting ofthe instrument n .as a whole serves the'usual purpose of preventing rocking or angular motions of the vehicle orfsupport from being communicated to the instrument. The relatively stationary part, 14, is suppliedwith one or more balancin weights, 71, Fig. 1. The balancing weig it','71., Fig. 3, attached to the journal frame serves to obtain the propel' equi-v librium of the latter, and the indicator of elevation-'such as the level 44, F ig.`4, aids in determining when the .proper equilibrium has been, established.

The handles 45, aid in the quick setting' or finding of the meridian when the zwheel is spinning. By means of these handles cooperating with the level, it has been possible to find the meridian in ay comparatively few seconds when thebearing isknown,` and in only a very few minutes when thev bearing is unknown.v vW'hen I, place my level on the east side, the direction taken by the bubble from the effect of the eartls motion, indicates the direction of the meridian. It will be observed that the movements ofthe wheel in azimuth cause or produce movementsfof the element through the operation of the contacts used and4 thaty this following effect may :be brought `to a high point of perfection` or exactitude.l

As stated the plurality of Contacts 31, 32 laid in removal or adjustment of one or. more without the interfering with Vcontinuous operation. The torsion suspension'and also the anti-friction pivots tend very materially to increase the sensitiveness of the instrument. i

For driving the repeating Compasses and carrying a mass which is heavy when compared with an ordinary magnetic needle with 'sufficient delicacy of action, it is necessary that the element which' supports the wheel and connected parts, move therewith, whereby the amount of torsion inthe tor-v 'sion suspension which is located between these parts is reduced t'o a minimum in connecting mechanism that the disturbing `infiuences .of the movement of the vehicle are prevented from causing undue oscillatlon of the azimuth pointer or circle. With' "this mechanism, consisting of a pendulous i mass or inasses, the gravitational com- 'ponents may, of course be utilized as bey and. wheel for t tween the independently moving element ie purposes above stated.

` To accomplish this purpose each element .only has the iestrainin rfoimsy several distinct functions not o n and orientation i mechanism to be attache fat the correct dis- `must ,bear certain exact relations to tances from the axis ofI oscillation but they the weights and masses involved; what is `equally important they inust'bear certain definite relations as to their positive operant-` ing moments to the gyroscopic moment of the spinning wheel, l, and it is only when these various effects are introduced in their p'oper relation that the results that have duces diiliculties in keeping the motor sufi en carefully pointed out herein 'shall be achieved.. i

Operating the wheel, I, i'mfvaicuo,A introficieiitly cool and at the same time suf-- iciently small and light so that the suspensions and pivotsV of the character described may be employed.

- It was only after much research that the combination herein specified has 4been contact with the interior surface of the cas-` rearlied, solving both problems-#preventing` overheating by the .phenomena of. conduction, by bringing the coils into intimate ing or projections thereof, so that the exterior surface of the casin may radiate the heat. This 'is not possi le with coils or'windings that rotate,`sotliatv a form of motor has been fou'nd that has no moving windings or coils and all the coils that ity been found that a vaciiuin of more than 29' inches can be maintained continuously under service conditions and the motor be x has are stationary so as to be susceptible to the treatment specified. In this way, it has -made sulliciently light to adapt itself to the situation through fpractical suspension of the character speci ed,

The usin `upyof the lubricant by one journal of t e wheel faster than theother, or by "careless filling of `the lubricating receptacles, 6, on each side-of the wheel was found to throwthe wheel out of equilibrium and disturb the accurac of the instrument. This was overcome by nel, 7, which 1p aqualine' the ubricant as between the two cles.

y Diculty was wheels roperlv ced,

yovercome by mountiii upon asle'n'der spindle, 4, and

which, however, the wheel vity. This immediately intlduced dginiltiee with thefjournals, -which mi l i axialalinemengbutaunivasalmounte connecting chau-v around the wheel and ex y in getting'the" aili owing the f .mof the wheel to gyrateabnuttscenymvof/ in this instance to run out ofr in was finally devised which overcame this di culty by employing spherical surfaces and when roller bearings, 5, are used, the rollers operate directly u n the spherical face, 5', as indicated in t e drawings, permittingr entire freedom of operation out of true axial alinement on the. art of the journals.' The wick oiler 6 i ustrated inthe drawing aiords v.all lubrication nry to those journals in continuous service.

The journal frame, or easing,`2,`is as a matter offact, lighter than the wheel. Its natural period therefore, establishes the critical period of resonant vibration-vin inw` ning. This mass having considerable rcedom of movementstill further aggravates the operation of the instrument at the critcal speeds; that is, at the speeds of maxi- A mum vibration; To overcome this, the eend` trai bearing, 4', normally outvof` contact, is provided to restrain the relative movement between the casing' and the wheel at times of the critical overcome this difficulty which isllsei'ious wi my large'eoinparatively slow-moving wheels which I prefer to use in these instruments.

Byemploying' as electrical conductors for the spinning motor, flexible wires and then disposing them parallel to and in proximity wwth the various pivots,I and alsorimningv y them parallel and reasonably close to the torsion vsuspension it is found vthat them! wires do not interfere in the slightest with the required sensitiveness to'relative inovement of the parts between which the? pam. The shaft must be Iixed longitu inally.

and is found to entirelty Owingv to the presence of the motor the'temperature ofthe parts-varies, resultin in expansion'of theseparts; strains are t us introduced through the running surfaces causing undue4 wear, especial] where the shaft is fixed'at both ends. shaft is fixed at one end only but as it expands the center of favity is found t0 move with reference to t e casing, and what is moreimportant the 'axis of its sutpport; these changes causing alterations in- `muth reading."

The gyro wheel isset spinning and the casing itself or is suitably required to bri thegyro axisinto meridional position. illations of the gyro are promptly damped by means `yieldably ing to the relatively stationary i; l I|i conveniently a1so, in partg'or a "supelement. These reactions `produce slight tilting of the gym to process fv for any masonltli'e gyrogis` anchoring rthe tion.

' i r auch an extentthat'itsmotion relatveto'the' phanhim'is-{suiqcently Plum 'great to move' the o avoid this thcmoved as.

means to-he em- `Il.'

ilployed, the azimuth motor is actuated and movesthe phantom inthe proper direction may be considered lto develop a correctingv torque on the gyro.

When-the ship changes its course, the phantom, being solidly t)geared to a part which xed in position relatlve to the ship, tends to turn with the ship but in attempting to do so itV moves relativel to the gyro and thereby displaces the electrical contacts from neutral position, actuating .the motor` which thereupon moves the phantom .in a direction reversetotnat ofthe Aships turning. In this way the anchoring y phantom or supporting elementv 1s always maintained in substantially the` same' posiy tion relative to the gyro.

While it is designed to use the various features andelements in the combination and relationsdescribed, some of these may be altered and othersv omitted without interfering with the more general results outlined and the invention extends to such I claimv 1. Gyro navigation apparatus for a movnation, a gyro wheel, a frame wherein4 said Wheelv is mounted for movement about a: spinning axis, means whereby the frame is mounted for movement about an axis approximately horizontal and at a substantial angle to the first named axis, means whereby the` system comprising the parts already named is mounted for ,movement about'a vertical axis of orientation', and yielding means arranged to coperate with the wheel frame for partially suppressing its movement about said vertical and horizontal axes.

ing vehicle, as a ship, comprising, in combimounted for movement about an'axis appro'ximately horizontal and at a `Substantial angle lto-the first named axis, means whereby the system comprising the parts already namedv is mounted for movement about a vertical axis of orientation, and. `yleldlng meansarranged to coperate with the wheel frame for partially suppressing -movement of the wheel 'about the second and third axesV above named.

.vertical axisivnflonientation, yielding 3. Gyro navigation apparatus' for a moving vehicle, as .a ship, comprising, in combinatlonpa gyro-wheel, a frame Whereln said uta said frame and saidelement. 2. ,Gyro navigatlon apparatus fora movmeans arranged to coperate with the-wheel frame for partially suppressing 4movement 4. In a gyro-compass theconibinati'on with a main support, of an azimuth able unit suspended therefrom, comprising asupporting element, a gyro-Wheel, a .journal frame for said wheel, and'meansffor pivotally Supporting said frame from said element `for azimuth movements vrelative to' Asaid element. i'

5.-v In a gyro compass organized for positive' orientation, an azimuth-movable unit comprising a supporting element, a gyro`l ed, means .whereby said frame is pivotally connected with said element for movement about a horizontal axis at an angle with the spinning axis of the wheel, and means'ex-VV tendlng between the frame andy theelement and arranged to yieldin'glyv resist movement of said frame from a predetermined posilng vehicle, as a shlp, comprlsmg, lncombitionabout a vertical axis.

6. In a gym-compass, the combination with a main support of an azimuth movable unit ,supported therefrom comp'rislng a guiding element,'a gimbal carried by 4said frame being pivotedwithin said gimbal for movement about a horizontal axis disposed atan angle with .the spinning axis of the,

wheel, and a yielding connection between 7. Ina gyro compass organ'izedifor posiftive orientation, anazimuth-movable unit nation, a gyro wheel,.a frame .wherein said wheel ,is mounted for movement about a spinningl axis, means whereby theframe is comprisinga guiding element, agyro-wheel, a -j ournal frame wherein said wheelis vmounted, means whereby said frame is pivotally connected with said element for movement abouta horizontal axis at an angle with the spinningl axis 'of the wheel, said frame be-` ing capable of movement relative to Saidv element, a restraining connection between the frame and the guiding element, and

means .for positively turning said guiding element in azimuth.

8. A gyro Anavigation apparatus comprising a g'yro wheel, means whereby said wheel is mounted spin on a'normally-horizontal axis vand to move-about asecond-horizontal 'axisat a lsubstantial angle tothe spinning axis and also tomove about avertical axis, ,and means `for restraining` the free movetof exert a. compound torque on. said gyro relativetogsuch second. horizontal axis and the-yemen axis. v.

19.' Ina wheel, a frame wherein said wheelis mount- Al'oo gyro compass anv azimuth-movable'- yu n'1t, {z om'prisirlg y a guiding. element, a gyro a wheel and' pivoted on wheel, a journal frame carrying the gyro for azimuth movements relativeto the latter, and a plurality of restraining connections between the frame' and the'element for limiting the said lative movements in azimuth.

io gym .l to move about an axis,

nal frame carrying th v whereby Asaid frame $0 10. In a gyro compass an azimuth-movable unit comprising a guiding element, ga

wheel, a journal wheel, a gimbal connection located between said frame and'said element and permitting relative movement between them about two dierent axes, yand means for consuch relative movement, said means comprising a part mounted upon the guid element and engaging the frame at a plane `of the gimtrolling int lying in the general al but eccentric to one of the `gimbal axes,

12.- In a gyro compass organized for posi-V `tive. orientation, an azimuth-movable unit pendulous guiding' element, a' 4suitable support therefor, a gyro wheel, a

comprising-a journal frame carrying the wheel,

means wherebyr said frame is pivotally connected to said element for co-axial mover` mentsA relative-thereto, and yieldingv means extending between the journal frame' and the element for'settng up stresses between them lylreason of such relative movements.

13. a gyro compass, a journalframe wherein said w eel is mounted in substantially static equilibrium with its. axis normal1y. \`horiwzontal, a gimbal sup. porting means for Vtherame permitting rotation of the frameabout. a plurality of axes lincluding a vertical axis,lan auxiliary part eccentricto ano `orientation Aof the gyro wheel.

movable bout an axis coincident with one ofthe axes ofl said means, and a yielding connection between such auxiliary part an the frame, eng 'ng the vlatter at -a` point "thier of the said axes of the gimbal and capable of effecting positive 14. Gyro navigation; ap aratus Vof the described comprisin a Cardan lsaid `is mounted, means carried by said said guiding element frame carrying the in azimuth, 'means for movements relativeframe and the ele-l ro wheel, a

frame carryi f whereby saida* gyro wheel, a easing wherein Cardan mounting for'supplorting said casing for movement in azimuth and said means includinga ower driven member arranged to follow t e apparentl arc-'inazimuth movement of the casing, a `dividedscale carrie by said member, andra member carried bysaid Cardan scale. i

15. `Gyro navigation ap 'aratus' of the character described compri ing a Cardan mounting, a gyro `Wheel provided with a casing, a guiding and supporting element carz ried by said Cardan mounting'and movable forsuspending said casy ingfrom said element for'movementrelatf ing thereto in azimuth and in elevation, and means connecting said element and said casing for limiting their relative movements.

16. A gyro Inavigation' apparatus ofthe character 'Y described, comprising a gyro wheel, a casing for the WheeLm'eans whereby. said .casinor is mounted `for movement about a plurality of axes, a compass card controlled by said gyro wheel, and means independent of the card and controlled by the movements of the said wheel casing, for indicating deviation of the gyro wheel from its exact meridional position.'

17, In a gyro compass, an azimuth-movable unit comprising Y.a guiding element, a gyro wheel, a journal frame wherein the ,wheel i and in elevation,

mounting and'coperating with said divided 1 gyro wheel is mounted to spin about a norp mally horizontal axis, means whereby said .frame is pivotally carried by saidelement axis located at a substantially Iixed angle to the spinning'axis, and an indicating leve tube attached to the .journal frame.

118. In a gyro compass, an azniiuth-mov-A .ics

able unit comprising, in combination` mov-` able indicati means for determining-anles in azimut 2 a guidin element mounted or movement in azimut journal frame carrying said. wheel, means whereby' said frame is pivoted for azimuth movements relative to said element,y and means whereby movements of the frame ma "cause azimuth movements of the element an a gyro wheel,a`

indicating means Vfor producing positive orientation.

19. In a lgyro compass, an azimuth-mbvable' unit com rising, in combination indicating means or determining angles in` azi- 'mutli`,` a guiding element connected to said indicating means, a dgyro wheel, 'a journal sai l ame is pivoted for azimuth movements relative to said element, includinga- .torsion o n co said yelement for ca frame and means'for causing sai' j gyro wheel, means f of .the azimuth movements yio of the ro wheel. .v 'gy 20. In a gyro compass an azimuth-movable unit comprising, in combination indicating means for determining angles `in azimuth, aguiding element connected to said indicating means, a gyro wheel, a journal frame for said gyro wheel, a torsion suspension connected to said element and carrying the frame, and means for adjusting the torsion suspension and a stationary part independent of said unit for coperating'wth said indicating means.

21. In a gyro compass, an azimuth-movable unitv comprising in combination indicating means for determining angles in azimuth, a guiding element carrying said indicating means and mounted `for movement in azimuth, a gyro wheel, a journal frame for said gyro wheel, and means connectin the journal frame with said element an including means whereby'said frame is` piv oted for azimuth movements relative to said element andl power mechanism for moving the guiding element lresponsive to relativev movement between the element` and Agyro wheel.v

22. In a gyro compass, anlazimuth-movable unit comprising, vin combination indicating means for determining angles in azimuth, a supporting eleme t mounted for movement in azimuth, a gy o wheel, a journal frame for said ro wheel, and means pivoted for azimuth, movements relative to said element; a power mechanism for moving said element, and 'a controller for the power mechanism operated by the relative movements of said frame and said element.

23. In a gyro compass, an azimuth-mov` able unit comprising, theV combination .with indicating means,` for determining angles in azimuth, of a follow-up element mounted for movement in azimuth, a gyro wheel, a journal frame for said gyro wheel, and means whereby said frame is pivoted for azimuth movements relative to said element; a power motor arranged'to move said element, a suitably energized electric circuit kfor operating the' motor, and `means controlled by the relative .movements-of said circuit.

frame and said element for controlling said,`

24. In a gyro compass, any azimuth-movable unit comprising, `the combination with indicating means for determining angles lin azimuth of -a guiding element connected to i for vazimuth movements relative to said ele'- said in icating means and mountedfor movement in azimuth, a gyro wheel, 'a journall frame whereon said wheel is mounted, and means whereby said frame islpivoted' l ment; a stationary partfcoperating with the saidindicating means, .a power motorA 1ooated between the-'stationary part and the leating means for determining an les in azin gyro about such second horizontaljaxis, said restraining the said relative movements, said able unit comprising a guidin element, a

`wheel, means' whereby said frame 'isk lvot-` .an angle to the spinning axis, andmeansfor and engagmg the frame at a' 29.l In Va gyro"compass,-an azimuth-movl able unit-comprising a guiding elemenh-'a' gyro wheel, a journal frame element for moving the latter, andan `elec-if?- trical controller for ythe motor arranged be operated by the relative movements 'of j-g' said frame and said element, said controller comprisingv a plurality of coperating of electrical contacts and' multiple electrical circuit connections for the'sets. f

25. In a gyro compassan azimuth-movable unit comprising, in combination indi-j -muth, va guiding element mount for movement in azimuth, a gyro wheel, a' journal"- frame whereon said wheel is mounted, and means whereby said frame is. pivoted `for azimuth movements relatively to said element; a stationary part coperating with the said indicating means, a power lmotor located between the stationary part and-the element for moving the la'tter, and an electrical controller for actuating the motor, said controller comprisin coperating con'- tacts of which one is mova le with said journal frame.

26. A gyro compass for navigationpurposes comprising, in combination, va ro wheel, a journal frame whereon said w 'eel is montedlto spin about, a Substantially horizontal axis, means .for mounting said frame for freedom of movement in azimuth and also Vabout a second substantially ,horizontal axis at a substantial angle to the spinning axis, said means being movable 1n azlmuth and means en aging said Journal frame for restraining ree movement ofthe means being sensitive sures.` v

27. In a gyro compass, an azimuth-movable unit comprising av guidin element,- a gyro wheel, a'journal frame -or the gyro wheel, means whereb said -frame 1s plvoti ally connected to said element for azimuth 4movements relative thereto, and means for to acceleration .presineans comprising a part mounted upon said element and engaging the frame at a polnt to one side of or eccentric to a turning axis thereof. I 28. -In agyro compass, anazimuth-movgyro. wheel," ajournal frame -or the -gyro allylconnected to said Aelement for azimuth movements and also for altitude movements both relative to said element, suchaltitude movements being about a4 horizontal at Side-of or eccentric toboth o 'itstu axes. l Y

for restralnmg. the said relative movements,

Said means comprlsing 'a part mounted upon the element and engaglng the frame at a point lying 'in the general plane of the gimbal but eccentric .to or out of line with the i 45. tween them for restrainin lthe said relative rame for azimuth in azimuth,

pivots thereon 30. Ina gyro compass, anazimuth-movfy able unit comprising the combination with suitable indicating means, of a guiding element, a gyro wheel', a journal frame for the u ro wheel, means whereby the frame is carried by said element and pivoted thereto for the element for setting up stresses between them for restraining the said relative movements; and a statlonary part coperating with said indicating means.

Y 31,. Ina gyro Icompass,an azimuth-movable unit comprising the combination with direction indicatin means, of a guiding element, a gyro whee a journal frame for the ro wheel, mbal means supporting said element, and including a torsion member 4so; whereby said gimbal' means are suspended from va part of theguiding element, an electric motor for the n cal circuit connection lfor the motor comprising conductors arranged substantially parallel to the said torsion member.

32. In a gyro compass, an azimuth-movable unit comprising the combination with direction indicatingmeans, of a, supporting and guiding element mounted for movements a gyrowheel, a journal. frame for the gyro wheel, means whereby said frame is carried by said element and is capable of azimuth movements relative thereto,

and mechanism connecting the journal frame and the element for setting up stresses ben movements; `andy a Car an, mounting on which said unit is supported.

33. In agyro compass,an azimuth-movable unit comprising a iding element, a gyro wheel, a. journal rame wherein the gyro wheel is mounted mally horizontal axis means whereb said frame is pivotally carried by said e ement for movements relative `to the element both in azimuth about asubstantially verticalV axis and also in elevation about a horizontal axis at an angle to the spinning axis, and an indicating level tube attached to the east side of the journal frame.

34:. Gyro navigation apparatus of the l' ycharacter described, comprising a gyro wheel forming therotor of an electrical motor, a casing for said wheel, electrical ener- 'zing coils orming the stator of said wheel, and heat and movements relative to said gyro wheel, and an electrigener ating Asaid other two axe's, and

to spin about ra nor-f `tially coaxial wlth andrelative to arranged within said casing` conducting means adjacent said coils and inV contact `with the walls of said casing', in combination withmeans whereby said casing is pivoted to said supporting element and capable of movements relative thereto, a motor arranged to` drive said supporting element, an electric controller for the motor operated by the relative movement of said two elements, said controller including coperating ro wheel, a journal frame for i electrical contacts mounted on said sensitive element and said supporting element respectively and electrically connected to said motor. f

36. In-a gyroscopic navigational ment, algyro-wheel, a shaft therefor, a frame having bearings wherein said shaft is mounted, means whereby said frame is pivoted for movement about a horizontal axis at substantially right angles to that of vthe wheel, the bearings o n opposite sides of the wheel and of the frame axis, a lubricant receptacle adjacent each bearing, and an e ualizlng conduit yextending about ythe whee and receptacles.

37. In gyroscopic apparatus, a gyro wheel, an inclosing casing exhausted of air for the. wheel, the surface of said casing adapted to radiate heatorapidly, and heatenergizing means within said casing forV actuating the wheel, said 'nieans being in intimate contact with the casing. j

38. Gyro navigation apparatus compris- 105 I ing a gyro wheel, supportedso astobe free tospin about an axis and to'move about two other axes, a member arranged for movement relative to said wheel about one of fthe limit relative movement betweenosaid 'member and said gyr'o wheel.` I l i 39. Gyro naviga-tion apparatus comprising a gyro wheel, supporting means for said wheel permitting the wheel to `axis and to move member arra ed said wheel aboutonel of the said other two axes n `yieldinstrufor the wheel shaft being j connecting said spin about an' 11 about two other axes, a l for movement substaning means operatively eonnectingsai `mem- 1 being 10o` means arranged to 11 Aber with said `supporting means, and means for moving ,member- `4:0. Gyro navlgation a 'paratus `comprising a gyro wheel, supporting means for` said up i ' wheel permitting thesame to spin about a. 12,5`

" the relative movements of said member and' Y within said circular la suitable casing in which said wheel is ing, in combination, a'

said wheel.

41. Gyro navigation apparatus comprising a gyro wheel, supporting means for Said wheel permitting the sanie'to spin about a normall horizontal axis and also to turn in-azimut and inelevation, and including a member arranged to move with the azimuth movements of. the wheel, means 10 yieldably connecting said member ands'aid supporting means and means for positively drivin said member in azimuth.

42. yro navigation apparatus comprising a gyro wheel, means for spinning the same, a journal frame for said wheel, a

gimbal pivotally supporting said frame forv movement about a horizontal axis at a subvStantial angleto the spinning axis ofthe wheel, torsion means supporting said giinbal in substantially vertical position for angular movement in azimuth, an anchoring or restraining member arranged to trui-n in azimuth coaxially with and relatively to said gimbal, means limiting the relative movements of said restraining member and said journal frame, and means for positively driving said.-restraining member in azimuth.

43. Gyronavigation apparatus comprising the combination with a Cardan mounting, of a supporting spider carried on said Cardan mounting and rovided with a central tubular hub, suitab e'bearings in said hub, an anchoring or guiding .member having an upper portion extending withinsadhub and having a ring or circular frame depending therefrom in a substantially vertical plane, said anchoring member being supported on said bearings and being capable of turning in azimuth, a gimbal ring, 'a torsion member secured to the upper ortion of said guiding member and suspending said gimbal ring frame, a `gyro wheel,

journaled, horizontally alined pivots supporting said casing within said gimbalring,

yielding means operativelyy connecting said casin with said anchoring and guiding mem r and capable of exerting a tilting torque on said casing -upon relative movement between the casing and the anchoring .member, means for spinning the gyro wheel, v an electric motor `vcarried by' said Cardan mounti gearing connecting said -motor with sal anchoring member, power circuits for respectively actuating said motor in for- `ward and reverse directions, and coperating contact members operable by the relative azimuth movements of the anchoring member and the gimbal ring for opening and closin said circuits. Y

44.``ryro navigation apparatus, compriswheel, means supporting said ro whee for movement in three degrees o freedom, said gyro wheel such ymovements exceed a being statically balanced about its three axes, a correcting device structurally iiidepeiident of said gyro wheel and supporting means mounted for independent movements in azimuth, but in operative relation thereto, said device being noi-malty without elf'ect upon the freen'lom of said wheel, and means operatively connecting said devicewith said wheel and arranged to produce a correcting torque on the Wheel when the latter'tends to alter its'position. relative to said device.,

45. Gyro navigation apparatus comprising, in combination. a g \i'o wheel, means whereby said wheel is mounted to spin nor- |nall \Y about a substantially horizontal axis and-to be capable also of turning in azimuth and elcyation, a guiding element capable of moving in azimuth substantially coaxially with said gyi'o Wheel and relatively thereto, yielding means operatively connecting said guiding element with said gyro wheel, means normally holding said guiding element stationary relative to said gyro wheel about a horizontal axis, and means for causing the guidin element to follow the apparent aziinutxlgx, movements of said lgyro Wheel when predetermined limit.

` 46. Gyro navigation apparatus comprising, in combination, a gyro wheel, means whereby said Wheel is mounted to spin in a substantially vertical plane about a normally horizontal axis and to be capable also of turning in azimuth and elevation, an annular guiding element .substantially concentric with said wheel and capable of moving in azimuth coaxially therewith andl relatively thereto, and means yieldingly connecting said guiding element with the wheel mount,-

ing and 'arranged to restrain relative movei ment between ythe same.

47. Gyro navlgation apparatus comprising, in combination, a gyro Wheel, means .the wheel upon change in the relative azimuth positions of said element and-said wheel, a motor arranged, when suitably actuated, to drive said element in azimuth,'and means whereby said motor is automatically actuated when the relative positions in azimuth of said element and said wheel become altered to av predetermined extent.

48.l In an electrically driven gyroscopic master compass, an azimuth movable unit comprising a sensitive element and means naman whereby thesame is4 movably supported nof rings anda set ofv sameismova ysu cluding a' member, the element and member I being adapted for limited relative azimuth whereby an electric driving current is supplied tothe wheel including a set of rings and a set of contacts, the two sets being 1n mutual 'frictional contact and one set being carried by said member, and means other lthan the wheel for imparting azimuth movement to the member tween said. sets.

the friction be- 50. In a gyro-compass, av gyro wheel, a, journal frame for said wheel, a supportlng means for saidframepivoted for orientation andi-'independently actuated automatic means controlled by the position of said' frame for orienting said, support `maintains-a predetermined position with rejournal whereby it spect to said frame.

51. In a gyro-compass, a gyro wheel, a.

frame for said wheel, a support for said frame pivoted for orientation, a centralizing means operating between said frame and said support, and automatic means controlled by the position of said l `frame there orstatically balanced about ties thereto.

` ment between sai framefor orienting said support whereby it maintains a predetermined position with respect to said frame.

52. In a ro-compass, a gyro Wheel anf an pivotally supported onahorizontal axis, and a pendulous Vmasssupported independently of said wheel and frame on approximately the same horizontal axis and connected to said frame so asto impart 4ballistic proper- 53. In a gyroscopic compass a rotor and rotor bearing casing, fa pendulous frame mounted for universal oscillation forl supporting said casing, said casing being'- mounted within the frame,y on vhorizont. pivots, yielding means connecting said frame and said casing, and means whereby the system comprising the parts already-named is mounted for movement about a vertical axis-;

54. Ingyro-navigational a paratus, a ro'` tatably mounted suptplort, a exible suspension means secured ereto, a sensitive c lement suspended from said means, and 1ncluding a gyro wheel and journalframe, and

onsive to relative movepower means res support and said element for causing said support to'follow the movements of said element.

t 55. In gyro navigational apparatus, a 1'0-v tatably mounted support, a sensitive element mounted on said support, capable of move-J ment relative thereto about a vertical ax' and including a gyro wheel and jou "1 franle, a pairside by side, adapted toI roll from one tothe other, said contacts and trolley bein mounted tively on said support an element, areversible motor in circuit with said contacts, and means for rotating said support from said motor. y r 56. In gyro navigational appara us, a r0- tatably mounted support, a sensitive element mounted on said support, capable of movement relative thereto about a vertical axle and including a gyro wheel and journa frame, coperating contacts mounted respectively on said support and element, a reversible motor in` circuit with said contacts means for rotating said support from motor and a rotatable commutating transmitter driven by said motor.

57. In gyro navigational low-up member, a sensitive for movement relative thereto, eoperating contacts respectively mounted on said mem` ber and element including a pair of contacts mounted side by side and a co rating trolley adapted to roll from one to other of said contacts as relative movement takes of reversing contacts mountedl I a cooperating trolley therefor an` apparatus, a `:Eolelement mounted place between said member and element; a

motor in circuit with said contacts, a rotatably commutatin transmitter driven by said motor and a ollow-up means connecting said motor and said member.

58. In a gyro compass, with a main support, of an azimuth movable unit mounted thereon and comprising. a supporting'element journaled on said main support, a said wheel, and means for pivotally slpporting said `frame from said element or, relative movements in elevation.

59. A gyro navigation apparatus comprisin a gyrowheel, means whereb said `wheel 1s mounted to spin on a norma y hor izontal -axis and to move about a second horizontal axis at a substantial angle tothe spinning axis and also to move aboutv a vertical axis, straining the free movement of said gyro, said means being adapted to, exert a torque on said gyro causing precession in aplane inclined to the horizontal.

60. Gyro navigation apparatus compris'- ing a gyro wheel, supportln meansvfor said wheel permitting the whee to spin, about an axis and to move about twol other axes,

a member arranged for movement substan-A the combination gyro wheel, a journal frame for and a single means for w lne .ist

tially co-axial .with and relative to said.wheel about one of the said other two axes, a pendulum supported on said member and -operatively connecting said member with said supporting means and means for moving said member.

61. In gyroscopic apparatus, a i gimbal ring mounted forrotation about a vertical axis, a rotor-bearing casing pivoted therein about an axis at an an le to said vertical axis, means whereby sai casing may be exhaustedof air, and an electric motor gyroscope contained and journaled within said casing. i ,Y

62. In gyro navigational apparatus, .an azimuth movable unit comprising a followup member, a sensitive element mounted for movement relatively thereto, coperating contacts mounted on said member and element, .a yielding connection vbetween said motorand said element, a motor 1n clrcuit `with' said contacts, and a follow-up connection between said moto;` and said member.

63,- In roscopic apparatus, a gyro wheel, forming t e rotor for an electric motor, a

rotor-bearing 'easing inclosing the wheel and adapted 'to be exhausted f`air, a stator forsuch motor also Within said casing, and, a

gimbal ring in whiclrthe casing is pivotally mounted. j

64. In a gyro navigational apparatus, an

' azimuth movable unit comprising a followup pivotally mounted support, a sensitive clement pivotally mounted on said support, said clement including .a gyro-rotor and rotor bearing frame, electrical contacts mounted on said support and element including reversing contacts havin said contacts, and reduction gearing connecting said motor and-said support.

In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand in presence of two subscribing witnesses. A

ELMER A. SPERRY.

Witnesses: y '4 HANNIBAL C. FORD,

CHARLES H. CoNNER.

a smalll .gap therebetween, and a coperatlng brush therefor, a reversible motor in circuit with 

